Criminology

I. Introduction — basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal.

II. Understanding Criminology — definition, meaning and scope of criminology; criminology and criminal law; crime as a social problem; crime and social organization; related concepts: deviance, sin and vice.

III. Crime and Criminals — occasional criminals, habitual criminals, professional criminals, white-collar crime, organized crime, corporate crimes.

IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives — early explanation of criminal behaviour:

• Classical School
• Positivist School (biological and psychological explanations)
• Positivist School (sociological explanation)
  • Social disorganization theory
  • Strain theory
  • Social control theory
  • Learning theory
  • Labeling theory
• Islamic perspective

V. Juvenile Delinquency — meaning, definitions (behavioural vs. legal), juvenile delinquent vs. status offender, official statistics of juvenile delinquency.

VI. Juvenile Justice System

• Role of police
• Juvenile court process: pretrial, trial and sentencing; role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
• Juvenile correctional institutions, probation and non-punitive alternatives

VII. The Criminal Justice System

• Police and its role
• Trial and conviction of offenders: agencies formal and informal; criminal courts — procedures and problems; role of prosecutors
• Prisons, probation and parole

VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals — corporal punishment, imprisonment, rehabilitation of criminals.

IX. Criminal Investigation — principles of criminal investigation, manual of preliminary investigation, intelligence operations, database investigation, electronic investigation, forensic investigation.

X. Techniques of Investigations — gathering information from persons, interviewing and interrogation techniques, criminal investigation analysis.

XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators — stop and frisk operations, arrest procedures, search and seizure.

XII. International Policing Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations — UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.

XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

• Terrorism, radicalism and war on terror
• Media's representation of crime and the criminal justice system
• Modern law enforcement and crime prevention: intelligence-led policing, community policing, private public partnership
• Gender and crime in urban and rural Pakistan
• Crime and urbanization, organized crime and white-collar crime
• Human rights abuses and protection, especially children, women and minorities, and the role of civil society and NGOs
• Money-laundering
• Cyber crime
• Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

The Commission also names ten professional bodies as suggested websites: the International Society of Criminology (ICS), the American Society of Criminology (ASC), the British Society of Criminology (BSC), the European Society of Criminology (ESC), the International Police Executive Symposium (IPES), the Asian Criminological Society (ACS), the Asian Association of Police Studies (AAPS), the Campbell Library, UNAFEI (Japan), the Pakistan Society of Criminology (PSC) and the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV).